The correct answer to this open question is the following.
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However, trying to help you, we can comment based on our knowledge of the topic.
Konnikova and Nisbet's opinions toward the news media are that often journalists not always are responsible when writing or reporting the news. 
Journalist Matthew C. Nisbet wrote the article "Why Partisans View Mainstream Media as Biased and Ideological Media as Objective," in July 2011. In the article, he questions the way some journalists try to bias information by the way they write and use certain terms in order to get the reader to think in a determined way. 
On the other hand, journalist Maria Konnikova wrote an article titled "How Headlines Change the Way We Think," in December 2014. In the article, she questions the way some journalists try to influence the reader's mind catching its attention through the use of sensationalism or biased headlines that are not completely true or cause confusion. 
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Simone Biles is the greatest gymnast of our time or any time in history. She proved that Sunday at the World Championships, where she raked in her 24th and 25th world medals, both gold
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
The techniques that the author uses to provoke surprise are the exposure of difficulties, quick pacing, and the alienation of the characters.
<h3>How are these techniques presented?</h3>
- The difficulties are exposed by the bucolic and unpredictable scenario.
- The fast pacing is presented by the events that the plot promotes.
- The alienation of the characters is seen by the protagonist who is confused about the scenario.
The book's protagonist is MacDonald, an academic who usually researches in environments far from the urban setting. For this reason, the story takes place in a forest, which already gives the reader a sense of surprise, as this is an unpredictable environment with difficult access and movement, which can create many obstacles for the characters.
MacDonald has to face these obstacles in many situations since her academic knowledge is not always enough for her to live with the scenario in a completely negative way.
Often, she finds herself alienated from the environment and needs to act quickly to overcome difficulties. This need for agility is also transmitted in the plot takes place with fast pacing, leaving the reader with a sense of anxiety, suspense, and surprise.
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