Answer:
A. Making an observation
Explanation:
Before you can communicate findings, you first need to have findings. And before you can test a hypothesis, you first need to come up with a hypothesis, which can be done by first making an observation.
Answer:
A threshold level depolarization.
Explanation:
In a neuron, the action potential threshold is known as the point of depolarization where the neuron fires, when the neuron reaches a point, it will fire and if it does not reach the point of depolarization, it will not fire and it helps to transmit the information to another neuron.
A neuron transmits the information with the help of electric impulses which are sent through its axon. When a neuron in an inactive phase, more +ve charged ions recline outside the axon membrane. In the process of stimulation, the axon membrane admits more Na+ ions and providing the neuron more +ve charge.
The light reaction transfers two electrons through the electron transport chain.
Aight so basically the chromatid is the two threadlike strands for when it divides and then the chromatin is the material of the chromosomes of organisms it is made of RNA Protein and DNA
Answer:
Penicillin:
Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Penicillin as compared to E. coli
Novobiocin:
Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Novobiocin as compared to E. coli.
Gentamicin:
E. coli isolates showed high rates of resistance to gentamicin as compared to Staphylococcus epidermidis
Explanation:
Kirby-Bauer diffusion test:
This test is also known as disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing. This test uses antibiotic containing disks to test its inhibition against particular bacteria.
Staphylococcus epidermidis:
Gram-positive bacterium, which is part of the normal human flora and found mostly in skin flora but less commonly in mucosal flora.
E. coli
Gram-negative bacteria because its cell wall have an additional layer. During the staining process, it stains negative as compared to gram positive bacteria.
Penicillin:
This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the final step in cell wall biosynthesis, hence penicillin is most effective against gram-positive bacteria. Hence Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Penicillin as compared to E. coli
Novobiocin:
Antibiotics which inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis. Its targets are the bacterial DNA gyrase and associated enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Due to extra membrane present outside gram negative bacteria this antibiotic is less effective against E. coli. Hence Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Novobiocin as compared to E. coli.
Gentamicin:
Gentamicin is the broad spectrum antibiotic Its mode of action involves bacterial protein synthesis inhibition by binding to 30S ribosomes. E. coli isolates showed high rates of resistance to gentamicin as compared to Staphylococcus epidermidis
