A scene can mean two things. A scene can be the setting of a story, or (what I think you are referring to) it can be a segment of an Act of a play. A scene separation within a play is usually included in order to allow time for a change in setting during the performance. A chapter is a segment of a book. So, to summarize, a scene is a segment of a play and a chapter is a segment of a book.
The object being referred to in this item is the medium. The answer is letter D. Some of the most common material used by the artists are oil paints, tempera, marbles, and bronze. This is the physical object used by the artists to convey their messages to audiences through the senses.
1) Who created the first photograph? How was this done?
The eldest photograph that we have access to is called "<em>View from the Window at Le Gras</em>" and it is dated around 1826-1827. It was taken by Nicéphore Niépce, a French inventor, in his residence called Le Gras (thus the name of the photo). He used a Camera Obscura (in Latin, dark room), also known as pinhole image, where an image is captured and then projected reversed through a small whole.
2) What is a calotype? What happens in this process?
The photographic process called Calotype (also known as Talbotype). It was created by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1841. This process works by creating a paper negative from which then is created a positive contact print in sunlight.
