1. Geography affects the settlement of future civilizations when taking into account the resources provided in different areas. Lusher areas with a larger range of edible plants and animals as well as water are a very appealing location to start a settlement. Of course, different groups of people with different lifestyles will be searching for varying resources to start their society, or to just stay temporarily if they choose nomadic existence.
2. Climate majorly affects settlements depending on if they want to grow crops, as well as the type of crops. Another factor dealing with climate in relation to settlements is if it is a bearable climate to live in long term without higher death rates due to temperatures.
The hazards from the volcanoes include lava and pyroclastics, tephra and , lahars and climate alteration. Fertile soil and geothermal energy are beneficial results of volcanic eruptions. Much of El Salvador for example is convered with volcanic ash and this has been a fertile growing medium for coffee plants.
Answer:
Glaciers act as reservoirs of water that persist through summer. Continual melt from glaciers contributes water to the ecosystem throughout dry months, creating perennial stream habitat and a water source for plants and animals. The cold runoff from glaciers also affects downstream water temperatures. Many aquatic species in mountainous environments require cold water temperatures to survive. Some aquatic insects--fundamental components of the food web--are especially sensitive to stream temperature and cannot survive without the cooling effects of glacial melt water. Such changes in stream habitat may also adversely impact native trout and other keystone salmon species.
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