"The Doctrine of Chances" is a theory that was proposed by Alfred Russell Wallace that related to the theory of natura selection of Darwinists. This doctrine is what we now consider "statistics." Wallace's idea was to use this doctrine of chances and averages in order to study population genetics.
Answer:
1. Yes, it is true that some countries have very strict requirements for citizenship, and some have very loose requirements, since this is an individual decision made by the sovereign state.