Focusing on the inner workings of the First Crusade in a way that no other work has done, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading delves into the Crusade's organization, its finances, and the division of authority and responsibility among its leaders and their relationships with one another and with their subordinates.
In the year 1095, Pope Urban II initiated what is known today as the First Crusade. His summons of the lay knights to the faith between 1095 and 1096 was Urban II's personal response to an appeal that had reached him from eastern Christians, the Pope referred to the struggle ahead as Christ's own war, to be fought in accordance with God's will and intentions. It was, too, called a war of liberation, designed to free the church and city of Jerusalem from oppression and pillage by the Muslims while liberating western Church from the errors into which it had fallen.
In this classic work, presented here with a new introduction, one of the world's most renowned crusade historians approaches this central topic of medieval history with freshness and impeccable research. Through the vivid presentation of a wide range of European chronicles and charter collections, Jonathan Riley-Smith provides a striking illumination of crusader motives and responses and a thoughtful analysis of the mechanisms that made this expedition successful.
First one for sure
im guessing third one too
plz wait for another person to answer the rest but im pretty sure its only those two
hope this helps
Answer: The answer is given below in 2-4 sentences.
The authoritarian governments means a government which consumes the central power strongly and there is less freedom to political choice, less freedom to the press and strong nationalism ,opposed to liberalism. Prior to the outbreak of WWII there were several authoritarian governments raised in the Europe and Asia. There was Hitler government in Germany, Mussolini Government in Italy,Joseph Stalin in Soviet Union, emperor of Japan. All of these authoritarian governments were at the peak of their time before the WWII and ruled their country with their hard principal.
Explanation:
A. They did assist spies. As known for the NSA, they have taken pictures, videos without anyone knowing
It was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff.
