Question

In both European and Japanese feudalism, power was in the hands of

Answer 1

A. land owners

Though the Europeans and the Japanese both had some form of fighting force, neither was directly referred to as the military. The "Church" - when it's capitalized - refers to the Catholic Church, something that was not at all very prevalent in Japan. Confucius scholars were typically Chinese as that's where the movement started. It wasn't until much later Confucianism was brought to Japan and the Europeans never really followed it at all.

Answer 2

Land owners. serfs were subordinate to them.