1. C) Species diversity
It is not easy to perform any measurement about the species, be it its diversity, richness, or evenness. The easiest though seems to be the measuring of species diversity. This measurements simply gathering information about the number of species in a particular area, which is usually the easiest thing to do, as at least one individual of a species is needed so that it can be added in the measurement. The species richness and evenness though are harder, as in order to be performed, apart from knowing all the species, there should be measurement about how big of a population the species have, which can be very tricky, and in some cases almost impossible to perform, which is why it is often used a mathematical model to predict an approximate number, which often is not correct.
2. A) They can consist of biotic changes associated with a boundary
The edge effects are effects that occur at the boundaries of the biomes. At this boundaries, the two or more biomes that come in contact interact, start to mix and create a zone where there are representatives of both biomes, kind of like a transitional zone. Because around the boundary there are species from both bomes, changes start to occur, as the species adapt to the conditions, but they also change the living conditions, as well as competing with each other which can further affect one of the biomes and its structure.
3. A) aposematic
The butterflies tend to have aposematic coloration. This type of coloration does not provide camouflage for the butterflies, but instead it makes them stick out. It is a coloration where the colors are few and very intense. The reason why the butterflies have this type of coloration is that it is a sign of warning for the predators that they are not good for eating and that they can be harmful, thus to avoid them. The predators usually learn this from a young age, and tend to avoid the butterflies that have such coloration.
