Papal primacy, also known as the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, is an ecclesiastical doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the pope from other bishops and their episcopal sees
A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified the basic characteristics of civilizations.
Answer:
TWO ways that Reconstruction-era reforms impacted African Americans socially and TWO ways they impacted them economically in the late-1800s.
Explanation:
Reconstruction-era reforms impacted African Americans socially as the Freedman's Bureau was created to help new freed African Americans adjust to freedom. They helped them register marriages, negotiated labor contracts and built more than 3,000 schools along with trained teachers. Three Amendments were added to the constitution, 13th outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th established that al persons born in the US are citizens, 15th prohibited states from denying the right to vote based on race pr previous condition of servitude. African Americans participated in Reconstruction governments. They were elected to state, local and national positions.
Economically, they were weakened as crops had been destroyed, land had been left unattended with the Civil War and much of the infrastructure had been damaged. This changed the labor system and brought in sharecropping, tenant farming which trapped African Americans in to a cycle of debt. They were essentially tied to the farm as laws made it difficult for sharecroppers to sell their own cotton and the contracts and laws favored the landlords. This brought on Jim Crow laws and established legal segregation.
The middle passage was used for slaves
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
