Republic is a form or model of political organization that originated in ancient Rome, in the 6th century BC, after the overthrow of the last Etruscan king, Tarquinio, who had influence over the region of Lazio, on the Italic Peninsula, where Rome is located. The end of the monarchy in Rome was caused by a political coup by the patrician aristocracy of the city.
It is from the structure of the Roman Republic that the main modern political institutions, such as Parliament, derived from members representing the population, were derived. Parliament, today, makes up the political structure of both presidential regimes (in which the president is the head of government and the head of state at the same time), like the American, and of monarchist regimes, such as the Kingdom United and Japan (in which the head of state is the monarch, and the head of government is the prime minister). There is also the variant of the mixed model, presidential parliamentarism, in which the president is the head of state, and the prime minister, the head of government.
In ancient Rome, the senate and assemblies constituted this “parliamentary body”. From the senators came the authority over the magistrates, who had administrative functions according to their rank and jurisdiction, similarly to what happens today with the members of the republican executive branch. Among the positions of the judiciary in the Roman Republic were consuls (the highest rank), praetors, censors, quaestors, edis and, on specific occasions, such as wartime, the dictator.
Washington served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolution, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797
Coolie was a pejorative word for Chinese indentured laborers, whose living conditions were similar to slavery.
Being a slave, who is unable to leave the duty they are performing for an enslaver and who is treated as the enslaver's property, is both the state and the condition of being an enslaved person. Typically, slavery entails the enslaved individual being forced to labor and having their location or place of residence determined by the enslaver.
Many historical instances of slavery took place as a result of criminal activity, debt, or military loss; other types of slavery were established along demographic lines, such as race. A person may be held in captivity for all of time or for a certain amount of time before being released.
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Thorni shrubs make excellent privacy hedge plants as they discourage man and beast from crossing the living barrier. Shrubs suitable for hedging include species of Rhamnus, commonly called buckthorn due to the thorni projection at the ends of twigs.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that the Constitution of the United States was not meant to include American citizenship for black people, regardless of whether they were enslaved or free, and therefore the rights and privileges it confers upon American citizens could not apply to them.[2][3] The decision was made in the case of Dred Scott, an enslaved black man whose owners had taken him from Missouri, which was a slave-holding state, into the Missouri Territory, most of which had been designated "free" territory by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. When his owners later brought him back to Missouri, Scott sued in court for his freedom, claiming that because he had been taken into "free" U.S. territory, he had automatically been freed, and was legally no longer a slave. Scott sued first in Missouri state court, which ruled that he was still a slave under its law. He then sued in U.S. federal court, which ruled against him by deciding that it had to apply Missouri law to the case. He then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court
