The American colonists were eager to keep the Native American nations out of the mix when it came to the war with the British. The Native Americans could have looked at this as an opportunity to cause trouble for the white colonists and take advantage of the situation. Or the colonists could have looked at the Native American nations as potential allies and made promises to them if they assisted in the war effort. But the colonists appealed to native nations with a message of friendship -- not asking them to join in war against Britain, but also that they not act against the colonists' cause.
The quoted speech, by the way, was addressed to these Native American nations: <span>Mohawks, Oneidas, Tusscaroras, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senekas.</span>
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With the threat of climate change becoming more pronounced than ever, the foundation began funding research into various technologies that could aid in the fight to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the spread of Christianity<span> in </span>Europe<span> began. It was aided by </span>Christian<span> groups and institutions that promoted </span>Christian<span> beliefs. Among the most important with a monasteries, or places where people could dedicate their lives to prayer and meditation.</span>
Answer: the county of Edessa (1097–1150); the principality of Antioch (1098–1287) this is for number 2
1. When Pope Urban had said these and very many similar things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present that they cried out, ‘It is the will of God! It is the will of God!’’’
So wrote the monk Robert of Rheims in his Historia Hierosolymitana (‘History of Jerusalem’) during the early 1100s. Some years earlier, on 27 November 1095, Urban II preached a public sermon outside the town of Clermont in central France, summoning Christians to take part in the First Crusade, a new form of holy war. It was a carefully stage-managed event, in which the pope’s representative, the papal legate Adhémar of Le Puy, supposedly moved by the pope’s eloquence, tore up strips of cloth to make crosses for the crowds. Urban had been travelling through France accompanied by a large entourage from Italy, dedicating cathedrals and churches and presiding over reforming councils, and his proposed crusade was part of a wider programme of church reform. In March that year, at the Council of Piacenza, a desperate Byzantine emperor, Alexius I Comnenus, had pleaded for western help against the Seljuk Turks, whose conquests were decimating Byzantium and preventing Christians from reaching pilgrimage sites. Urban wanted to extend the hand of friendship to the Orthodox church and to heal the schism with Catholicism, which had gone from bad to worse since the time of his predecessor Leo IX.
We have a number of accounts of Urban’s speech, contemporary and later, although they differ somewhat in what they record. Yet we know that he called on knights to vow to fight in a penitential pilgrimage on Christ’s behalf, in a war to defend the Holy Land from Muslim oppressors, and that he used the Christian symbol of the cross as an emotive sign of commitment to the enterprise. Urban promised the crowds that crusading would not just benefit the church and European Christian society but their own souls, since all sins, past and present, would be wiped away through his dramatic promise of the ‘remission of sins’.
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