Answer:
If 19th-century science is defined by certainty, the experiments with advanced technology and the scientific studies would have been the poof of certainty.
19th century was a period when many ideas, theories and inventions were developing. This era was also known as a modern era of science. The result of the discovering and experimenting would have been recorded in the Journal, some of them still exist. So, there wouldn't have been any loss, whatever the scientists were putting forward were seen in the public. Some of the examples are the Steam Engine, Charles Darwin Theories, telegraph and telephone, medicines.
1 is C I think I'm not sure.
I think it is the last one "The united states government saw Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, as a threat to peace and United States interests in the religion."
