Answer:
The correct answer is: Immunosenescence.
Explanation:
- Immunosenescence can be defined as a biological age-related phenomenon due to which the cells of the immune system are unable to function efficiently with increase in age.
- As a result of this the aged individuals becomes susceptible to various infections and diseases.
- This happens because of the following reasons:
- The immune cells are formed from the progenitor cells called the Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSCs) which are abundantly found in the bone marrow. These cells have the capacity of self-renewal and also differentiation into various types of immune cells. Due to aging, these cells accumulate large number of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that that causes oxidative damage to the DNA. Also, with age the telomere (the repititive DNA sequence located at the chromosome terminal that protects the end of the chromosome from undergoing recombination or fusion with other chromosomes) length shortens resulting in the generation of damage in DNA. All these reduces the self renewal and differentiation capacity of these cells.
- Other cells of the immune system like, the white blood cells, anti-body producing B-cells, cytotoxicity inducing T-cells, natural killer cells also accumulate similar DNA degrading components. This reduces their life time and also the efficiency of their activity.
The specific set of alleles an organismhas makes up its genotype. Thesegenes influence the way an organism looks, which is known as itsphenotype. Phenotype is mostly aresult of an organism's genotype, but environment can also influence physical characteristics.
Hi!
The answer would be: Dominant
<h3>Explanation</h3>
A cross between a true breeding short plant (homozygous for short, suppose tt), and a cross between a true breeding tall plant (homozygous for tallness, suppose TT) would result in all the offspring being heterozygous for the traits, meaning they would each have an allele of shortness (t) and an allele of tallness (T).
Considering the offspring were all tall, we understand that the allele for tallness must have been dominant over the allele for shortness to present itself over it. Hence, the term describing the gene for tallness would be dominant, and the term describing the gene for shortness would be recessive.
Hope this helps!
Eccentricity is the ratio of the distance from the center of an ellipse to one of its foci to the distance from the center of the ellipse to one of its vertices.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The item labeled 2 is the cell capsule that protects the cell from engulfment by eukaryotic cell, such as macrophages.
