The Mandate of Heaven is a Chinese political and religious doctrine to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China. According to this belief, <em>Heaven</em> bestows a mandate on the ruler of China. However, if he was overthrown, or if natural disasters occurred, this was considered an indication that the ruler had lost the mandate. Therefore, civilian rebellions were accepted as part of the cycle. The cycle had the following pattern:
- A New Dynasty Rises
- A New Dynasty Rules
- Mandate of Heaven Lost by the Dynasty
- The Dynasty Grows Weak
- Period of Violence Follows
According to Chinese citizens, a new dynasty would rise and become powerful. This would lead them to rule as long as they received the mandate of heaven. However, if heaven was displeased with the ruler, the dynasty would lose its mandate. As a consequence, China would experience natural disasters, rebellions and the weakening of the dynasty. A period of violence and rebellion on the part of the citizens would follow, until a different dynasty arose from the chaos and became the ruling dynasty and the cycle continued.
In a market economy, the interaction of supply and demand determines the quantity and equilibrium price of the goods and services traded. Likewise, the market is responsible for the distribution of income through the possession of productive factors (capital, labor, etc.). In a market economy, the key signals are prices, which indicate the relative scarcity of resources.
Naturalistic intelligence refers to a person's interest in the “natural” world of animals, plants, and the natural work around them. It is the ability to identify and classify patterns in the natural environment. Individuals with naturalist intelligence have a sensitivity to and appreciation for nature.
A naturalist is someone who studies the natural world. Naturalists observe the relationships between organisms and their environment and how those relationships change over time. One of his most famous examples of a naturalist is Charles Darwin.
Therefore, in naturalistic works, characters may be dominated by their environment or struggle to survive. A good example of naturalism is John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. Initially, Jobs are instinctive animal, trying to survive against the powerful forces of society and nature.
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