John Newton was an English sailor<span>, in the Royal Navy for a period, and later a captain of slave ships. He was a Methodist, leader of Calvinistic Methodist Church.
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Answer:
In operant conditioning, food is considered a primary reinforcer because it is a biological need that reinforces behavior naturally. Eating satisfies a need for hunger so food is automatically reinforcing. In other words, the need to satisfy one's hunger motivates behavior naturally. Money, on the other hand, is a secondary reinforcer because the value of money must be learned and associated with a primary reinforcer such as a need to achieve or succeed. Once the value of money is learned, it can be a very effective method of reinforcement.
Explanation:
Got a 100
According to research by Taylor and her colleagues (1984), <u>perceived control</u> is likely to reduce stress related to a negative life event such as cancer.
Explanation:
Shelley Taylor and her colleagues contributed to the effects of perceived control in the treatment of cancer.
Perceived control is the feeling or a belief by a person which determines his/her own inner state or behavior and influence and modify his/her or one’s own environment in order to bring about the desired outcome.
In the treatment of cancer, perceived control of behavior acts as a control strategy to deal with the immense amount of stress it causes to a person. This provides emotional well being and stability by enhancing the ability and preparing a person to cope up with the stress.
This in turn makes him/her to be mentally strong to bear the stress, feel less pain, and to be supportive with the treatment. This also reduces the impact of stress on physiological parameters like blood pressure, heart rate etc and improves the overall health of the patient.
Perceived control can also be used to cope with stress induced by negative life events like loss of someone dear, joblessness, marital or relational issues, chronic diseases etc
Answer:
Ethnocentrism
Explanation:
Ethnocentrism is a terminology in the social sciences used to describe the judging or measuring of another culture or way of life, and believing that one's culture or way of life is superior; this could be as regards, religion, language, morals or customs.
In other words, is believing that one's culture is superior to other cultures.
For example, Americans who use forks, spoons and knives for eating, might find it strange to see the Chinese eating with chopsticks.
The correct answer is He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.
Tolman was influenced by the theoretical and experimental legacy of Thorndike, Watson and Gestalt psychologists. Whereas, in philosophical terms, he started his career under the aegis of Perry and Holt's neorealism (Lopes, 2008). These multiple influences, combined with the diversity, evolution and longevity of his work, make it difficult to classify his system based on broad labels such as behaviorism or cognitiveness (Santana & Borba, 2015).
In his first presentation of his explanatory system, Tolman (1922) addresses the problem of proposing an explanation that reconciles the need for an observable and measurable phenomenon like behavior - as opposed to introspectionist psychology - with a theory that encompasses behavioral functions not reducible to physiology , but that address the relationships between organism and environment capable of generating a “transformation factor” (Tolman, 1922), or that understand the behavior of each organism from its motivations and effects in a context.
