Critics of evolutionary theory argue that even though it is a compelling view, it is limited because scientific theories are said to be never absolute.
<h3>What are the key criticisms of evolutionary psychology?</h3>
Critics are people who have stated that evolutionary psychologists do:
- Begins with an effect and they tend to work backward to give an explanation,
- They seem not know the social and cultural influences.
- They absolve people from taking roles for their sexual behavior.
Evolutionary psychologists respond that knowing more about our predispositions can help us overcome the factors above.
Hence Critics of evolutionary theory argue that even though it is a compelling view, it is limited because scientific theories are said to be never absolute.
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Smartphone applications can offer real-time, customized interventions for quitting smoking. The current study evaluates the efficacy of a smartphone-based smoking cessation application that gave messages customized to current smoking lapse risk and specific lapse triggers and assessed risk for impending smoking lapse numerous times per day.
- A safety-net hospital's smoking cessation program recruited participants (N=59) who underwent five phone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) every day for three weeks in a row.
- A new weighted lapse risk estimator was used to evaluate the risk of smoking lapse in real-time.
- Participants in each EMA received messages that were customized to their level of risk for an impending smoking lapse as well as their self-reported presence of smoking urges, stress, access to cigarettes, and motivation to quit.
- Using generalized linear mixed model analysis, it was assessed if communications that were specifically targeted towards lapse risk variables resulted in bigger decreases in these triggers than messages that weren't.
<h3>What results can we observe?</h3>
- In general, communications that were specifically matched to smoking urge, cigarette availability, or stress resulted in higher decreases in those triggers than messages that were not (p's=0.02 to 0.001).
- When only instances of high stress were included in the analysis, the connection between messages adapted to stress and higher reductions in stress than messages not tailored to stress was non-significant (p=0.892).
<h3>What can be concluded?</h3>
- Mobile technology can be utilized to deliver personalized treatment information and do real-time smoking lapse risk assessments.
- Findings offer the first concrete proof that customized material may have an effect on users' stress levels, temptation to smoke, and access to cigarettes.
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Answer and explanation:
Normative ethics is a branch of ethics that reflects on what is morally right and what is wrong. It is through that reflection that principles for human behavior are established.
- <em>"Normative ethics, that part of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is morally right and wrong". (Quoted from Britannica, link is the following: https://www.britannica.com/topic/normative-ethics)</em>
In the other hand, metha-ethics is a branch of ethics that studies metaphysical concepts regarding morality and with special emphasis if these moral values are independent of humans.
- <em>"Metaethics is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words". (Quoted from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, link is the following: https://www.iep.utm.edu/metaethi/) </em>
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The main difference between these two branches of philosophy/ethics is that normative ethics main focus is the morality on a certain action, whereas metaethics focus is morality itself.
In that case, the station would be violating <span>equal time rule
</span>equal time rule <span>requires all U.S. radio and television broadcast should provide an equal opportunity for any opposing political candidates that wanted to pay for the air time. This rule does not necessarily specifyy that those stations couldn't show news that favour only a certain candidate.</span>
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