Because the confederation Congress ideology and views are negative and does not provide a real solutions to address the nation's economic problems due to their misbelief
Martin Luther gained religious enlightenment through his studies and believed that the church was getting in the way of peoples relationship with god and believed it was not for the church to tax people in return for their sins being forgiven he wrote the 95 Theses to complain about the wrong things the church was doing and nailed it to church doors in Germany he was part of the reformation which is one thing that lead to the enlightenment by weakening the churches power
The wrongs that he accused them off was them being infidels who pillage and steal and assault women and destroy churches and similar things. He accused them of attacking Christians and Christianity and wanted to force them to leave out of areas that were Christian.
The groups that he excluded was old people, weak, women, and the clergy. He didn't want these groups to go because he didn't believe that they could be helpful in war. Also, priests had to stay in Europe and not go to war because they were needed for spreading religion.
The appeals that he used is appeal to their emotions and he appealed to his credibility to speak so. In Christianity, the pope is the person who was chosen by god so what he says is what the god wants to be said. He said that they would all go to heaven if they supported the crusades which they believed and considered to be words from god.
Not really,
It is reliant on the intensity of the attack as well as the power of the attacking nation.
some countries have been attacked and literally never fought back but surrendered if the attacking nation is more powerful in terms of military power.
in case the intensity of the attack can be absorbed, a country can also opt for diplomacy as war is the ultimate sanction in international relation.
in case the country feels it has the capacity to protect its sovereignty then fighting back is the only option.