Answer: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is an energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.
Explanation: Cells require chemical energy for three general types of tasks: to drive metabolic reactions that would not occur automatically; to transport needed substances across membranes; and to do mechanical work, such as moving muscles. ATP is not a storage molecule for chemical energy; that is the job of carbohydrates, such as glycogen, and fats. When energy is needed by the cell, it is converted from storage molecules into ATP. ATP then serves as a shuttle, delivering energy to places within the cell where energy-consuming activities are taking place. ATP is a nucleotide that consists of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose. The phosphate tail of ATP is the actual power source that the cell taps. Available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates and is released when they are broken, which occurs through the addition of a water molecule (a process called hydrolysis). Usually, only the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to yield energy; when this occurs ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the form of the nucleotide having only two phosphates. ATP can power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation). This transfer is carried out by special enzymes that couple the release of energy from ATP to cellular activities that require energy.
Answer:
The crab has just molted and the new exoskeleton has not yet hardened.
Explanation:
Crabs have an exoskeleton or shell which protects and supports them. From time to time crabs molt i.e. they discard the old exoskeleton and begin forming a new one. This process is a part of their normal growth. Soft-shell crabs had recently undergone molting and the new shell had just started to form. Hence, it has not hardened completely and is comparatively soft. Soft-shell crabs are in popular demand because it is easier to remove the soft shell and access the meat as compared to the normal crab.
Some general comments about gas exchange and diffusion will be made, followed by a description of how oxygen is carried in the blood. The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin will be discussed, including the oxygen saturation (or dissociation) curve and factors (allosteric effectors) which cause it to shift. Next, a discussion of the effects of carbon monoxide on oxygen binding will be presented. Finally, a description of artificial oxygen carriers will be presented. Most of these topics are covered in standard textbooks [6,10,54,113] and monographs on oxygen transport [112].
Answer:
The human disease phenylketonuria has symptoms that include mental problems, chronic skin rashes, and reduced hair and skin pigmentation. Phenylketonuria can be caused by a mutation in a single gene.
Phenlyketonuria is an example of pleiotropy. Based on this, it can be concluded that pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences multiple traits.
Explanation:
