Answer:
c) thin filaments slide past thick filaments towards the M line
Explanation:
Each muscle fiber has many myofibrils composed of many sarcomeres which have thick and thin filaments. Thick filaments are made of myosin protein whereas thin filaments have actin protein. There are various bands and zones in a sarcomere like A band, I band etc. H zone consists of only thick filaments. It has a central vertical line called as M line where the accessory proteins hold together the thick filaments.
According to sliding filament mechanism, sarcomere must shorten for muscle to contract. However sarcomere shortening is not caused due to shortening of thick and thin filaments. Instead they slide over each other towards the M line which leads to shortening of sarcomere without changing the length of filaments. The sliding is caused by forming of cross bridges between actin and myosin proteins.
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One of the similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is that they both use glucose as the initial molecule, which is called the substrate. Moreover, both aerobic and anaerobic respiration produce Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), however, aerobic respiration produces more ATP compared to anaerobic respiration. Which actually means that glucose goes through dissimilar processes in anaerobic and aerobic respiration, therefore producing a different amount of ATP. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and is only done when there is an abundant supply of oxygen. On the contrary, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, therefore it can be used even with a small supply of oxygen, hence we can still produce some ATP, for example when doing a strenuous exercise. Additionally, the products of both reactions are not the same. Aerobic respiration produces water and carbon dioxide from the reaction. On the other hand, anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid only, that can be harmful in large amounts, that is why it has to go to the liver once it has been produced so that it will be broken down.
Answer:
B and C
Explanation:
When the Amish came to their new home, they were founding a new colony. This is considered a founding effect.
Now, there is another thing to keep in mind, and that is that the Amish are very strict about their custom, for example, the idea of family and identity. This led them to form couples, only among the members who belonged to the community.
As generations go by, genealogical relationships between individuals in the population become closer. This causes some genes, by mere probability, to become fixed (i.e. they are the only ones left in the population). As a consequence of this, the frequency of rare genes increases (polydactyly). This evolutionary process is known as gene drift.
