It drastically reduced the Jewish population in Europe and surrounding areas
Answer
Church leaders, such as bishops and archbishops, had influential roles in medieval European monarchies and often served as advisers to a country’s king. The church also acted as a counter against monarchs who wanted absolute power, since there was one power the church had over them -- excommunication. An excommunicated king could face leadership challenges from both inside and outside his kingdom, without the condemnation of church leaders. A clear example of this is King John of England, who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in the 13th century after a dispute with Pope Innocent III. After encountering numerous difficulties, including the threat of a papal-backed French invasion, John agreed to once again swear fealty to the pope.
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In Russia federal government is practiced.
During the development of an organism, from a single fertilized egg into adult form, cells become specialized through a process called differentiation.
During differentiation, genes that are activated determine the type of cell it will become. I hope that's what you need
