Although I am not knowledgeable in Japanese history, I believe the answer is Nobanga.
Answer:
The American government has three branches. You probably knew that. The executive branch is focused on daily administration of the country and is headed by the president. The legislative branch makes laws and is encompassed in the US Congress. The judicial branch interprets and upholds the law under the Supreme Court.
So, we've got these three branches, and each one has powers over the others to make sure that no one group can ever be too powerful. Think of it as a political version of rock-paper-scissors. President vetoes Congress, Congress undermines Supreme Court, Supreme Court overrules president and Congress, paper covers rock, rock breaks scissors, scissors cuts paper.
This delicate balance of power is written into the US Constitution, but it's actually changed over time. None of the three branches looked the same in 1787 as they do now, but as long as they changed together, no branch became more powerful than the others, and the game continued.
One portion of the Reconstruction Amendments was to preserve
"birthright citizenship" as a Constitutional Right. This was very
much an 18th century idea, from an age when people were far less portable, and
almost all lived their whole lives within a few miles of their birthplace. Birthright citizenship is United
States citizenship picked up by virtue of the circumstances of birth. It is
different with citizenship acquired in other ways, for example by naturalization later
in life. Birthright citizenship may be conferred by jus soli or jus
sanguinis. Under United
States law, U.S. citizenship is spontaneously allowed to any person born
within and subject to the authority of the United
States. This comprises the regions of Puerto
Rico, the Marianas and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and also applies to
children born elsewhere in the world to U.S. citizens (with certain
exceptions).
One hard boiled egg will do