During a marathon, runners draw heavily on their internal reserves of glycogen (carbohydrate) and triglycerides (fat) to fuel mu
scle contraction. Initially, energy is derived mostly from carbohydrates, with increasing amounts of fat being used as the race progresses. If runners use up their muscle glycogen reserves before they finish the race, they hit what is known as "the wall.," a point of diminished performance that arises because fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown cannot be delivered to the muscles quickly enough to sustain maximum effort. One trick that marathon runners use to avoid the wall is to drink a cup of strong black coffee an hour or so before the race begins. Coffee contains caffeine, which is an inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. How do you suppose inhibition of this enzyme helps them avoid the wall
The activity of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase is prevented by caffeine. The caffeine prevents further dissociation of cAMP, which eventually increases the response within the body. The activity of neurotransmitters, that is, of noradrenaline or epinephrine, gets increased due to enhancement in response.
This further enhances the activity of the heart, the rate of muscle contractions, blood pressure that further helps in delivering more oxygen to the brain, and other parts of the body. Thus, the inhibition of the enzyme cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase helps the athletes to prevent the wall.
The way I'm interpreting this is that what type of bound are these? And yes share electrons in various bonds can share electrons lose and gain, these all sounds like covalent bonds and ionic and hydrogen bounds are from.single to double and to triple bounds.
The reporting of the results of any new research or findings is a necessary step. The reporting of the new discovered drug for the treatment of cancer needs to be reported in a peer-reviewed journal as well. The peer-review helps in validating the authenticity of the results of a research. Publishing the findings in a peer-reviewed journal will allow other scientists to check the findings and ensure the reliability.
