Primary succession is a method of fertilizing soil that was barren and had never supported plant life, for example soil left over by a moved glacier of lava.
The soil is first "normalized", using pioneer species such as lichens, algae and fungi.
After this, plants able to survive in less harsh conditions such as grasses.
Therefore, the fertility of soil during early years of primary succession does not increase much and it is a process that involves a long period of time.
The best and most correct answer among the choices provided by your question is the fourth choice or letter D.
In line with other previous and contemporaneous proposals, in 1912 the meteorologist Alfred Wegener<span> amply described what he called continental drift, expanded in his 1915 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans and the scientific debate started that would end up fifty years later in the theory of plate tectonics.</span>
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