Martin Luther was a theologian and monk of the 16th century who started the Protestant reform in Germany and then extended to other regions of Europe. Luther didn't believe in the councils or the pope's authority because they have often erred and they were implied in many cases of political corruption, using their religious authority in the Catholic Church as a source of power and money.
French revolution was a widely known struggle under the ruler Louis XVI. The conflict was between the monarchy sector and the noble men whom the tax system is imposed. This provoked everyone to take the freedom to express their complaints. Furthermore, there were two social groups that emerged at that time: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie. Answers are C and D
The American West was indeed a land of great opportunity from 1865 to 1900 in the sense that there was an abundance of land and resources available to all those willing to go west.
Becoming a Muslism was a way to accept a new political reality, opening the door to adaptation and avoiding repression and punishment . It was pragmatism.
