The rhetorical appeal would be pathos because it is asking the audience to appeal to emotion
The speaker is quite nervous.
Think of when people are married and sometimes one of the spouses gets "cold feet". It is not because they are sick or cold or even old. They are just nervous.
Answer:
D) Establish an independent cultural identity
Explanation: Not wanting to follow in China’s footsteps, Japan needed to distance itself from the political and cultural practices that they had inherited from China in order to survive as a country.