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Answer: a.The study is funded by a group with a financial interest in the outcome.
Explanation:
Junk science is a term that is used to describe scientific research or data that is false and fraudulent and is usually presented in order for the people behind it to be able to push an agenda or assertion.
If a study is funded by a group with a financial interest in the outcome, the research could end up being junk science as the backs might persuade the researchers to manipulate the data in such a way that it would favor them.
For instance, a Big Tobacco funded research into lung cancer finding that smoking does not contribute as much as previously thought to lung cancer
In a new environment colonization of the substrate occurs in sequence hence it is common to see growth in biodiversity of the new ecosystem with time. Ecological succession begins with pioneer plants in primary succession. These pioneer plants break down rocks to soil hence releasing bound nutrients and making them available to higher plants up in the succession line. Therefore, in the beginning, one will find plants such as mos, lichens and annual plants such as grasses. The biodiversity will increase to include shrubs, then plants like trees will eventually appear.
Explanation:
This deep oceanic trench is caused by. A the collapse of an empty magma chamber in a large volcano.
