Answer:
serfdom, condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord. The vast majority of serfs in medieval Europe obtained their subsistence by cultivating a plot of land that was owned by a lord. This was the essential feature differentiating serfs from slaves, who were bought and sold without reference to a plot of land. The serf provided his own food and clothing from his own productive efforts. A substantial proportion of the grain the serf grew on his holding had to be given to his lord. The lord could also compel the serf to cultivate that portion of the lord’s land that was not held by other tenants (called demesne land). The serf also had to use his lord’s grain mills and no others.
Explanation:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/serfdom
The Protestant threat
Teresa of Avila
the Council of Trent
the Bible as the sole source of truth
salvation through faith alone
Church reform
Catholic reformation refers to the period when catholicism started to resurface as a response for protestant reformation.The reformation effort was consisted of 5 major elements and started in the year of 1545 and ended in the year of 1648 after thirty years of war.
The Serbian Expansion and Russian role in the Balkans.
Combined with the increase in Russian military strength, both Austria and Germany felt threatened by Serbian expansion; when Austria invaded Serbia on 28 July 1914, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov viewed it as an Austro-German conspiracy to end Russian influence in the Balkans.
On 30 July, Russia declared general mobilization in support of Serbia; on 1 August, Germany declared war on Russia, followed by Austria-Hungary on 6th.
