Their sex chromosomes or gender doesn't play a role in determining whether the cancer is from exposure to carcinogens. usually,an abnormality in sex chromosomes leads to hereditary type cancers inherited fro their parents, but with carcinogens they dont have a very major role to play with.Rest 3 options would surely determine an individual getting cancer from carcinogen.
Cell structures that are in plant cells are cell walls, central vacuole, and chloroplast.
Answer:
thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable.
Explanation:
The complete question is as follows:
Under physiological conditions, peptide bond formation and degradation both require enzymes, but only formation requires coupling to GTP hydrolysis. Based on this information, peptide bonds under physiological conditions are:
A. both thermodynamically and kinetically stable.
B.thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable.
C.thermodynamically stable but kinetically unstable.
D. both thermodynamically and kinetically unstable.
- The term thermodynamically unstable refers to the fact that the peptide bonds are prone to breakage under physiological conditions.
- The reason why one can conclude the thermodynamic instability of the peptide bonds under physiological condition is that there is a need for a source of energy i.e. GTP hydrolysis for the formation of the peptide bond.
- The fact that the breakage of peptide does not require any input of energy but the only formation does confirms the fact that under physiological conditions they are thermodynamically unstable.
- Even though they are thermodynamically unstable, they are kinetically stable because both the formation and degradation require enzymes.
- The function of enzymes is to decrease the activation energy and hence, increase the rate of reaction. This means that if the enzymes are absent the rate of breakage of peptide bonds would be really slow this points out to the fact that they are kinetically stable under physiological conditions.
Oxytocin and alcohol
Explanation:
Oxytocin helps to relax the muscles of the breasts and induce lactation in a breastfeeding mother. This hormone is commonly called the cuddle hormone since it helps to create the social and emotional bond between the child and the mother.
Alcohol clearly inhibits the secretion of oxytocin and breastfeeding immediately after alcohol consumption can reduce lactation and milk intake by the child. Maintaining an interval after an alcoholic drink again leads to delayed breastfeeding. Intoxicating levels of alcohol in breast milk can affect the child’s health.
