Samuel de Champlain was born at Brouage around 1570. There is no known portrait of the Father of
New France and little is known about his family. His father and uncle were sea captains and he informed
the French court that the art of navigation had attracted him from his “tender youth.” We do not know
where he learned the many skills (navigation; cartography; drawing; geography) that prepared him for
his North American experience. In all likelihood Champlain learned about sailing at Brouage, a port on
the French Atlantic coast, a key stopover for ships of all nations who needed to take on cargoes of salt
before sailing for the fishing grounds off Newfoundland and the coast of New England. Concerning his
military skills, we know that he served as a soldier in the French province of Brittany where Catholic
forces allied with Spain opposed Henry IV as the rightful king of France. From 1595 to 1598, he served
in the army of Henry IV with the title of sergeant quartermaster. His uncle was also involved in this final
chapter of the war of religions and, at the conclusion of hostilities, we find them reunited at the port
of Blavet where the two sailed for Spain in 1598. From Spain Champlain joined a fleet bound for the
Spanish West Indies, a voyage that took him two years and a half. While he never published an account
of this voyage, several manuscript versions exist of the Brief discours des choses plus remarquables
que Samuel Champlain de Brouage a reconnues aux Indes Occidentals [Narrative of a Voyage to the
West Indies and Mexico in the years 1599-1602]. The work includes many illustrations of the flora and
fauna of the sites visited, and several maps of islands and cities such as Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
Guadeloupe, Panama, Cartagena, and Havana.
The song was <span>"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" sung by <span>Joan Jett and the Blackhearts.</span></span>
The Watergate scandal involved the break-in by the Republicans into the Democratic National Convention headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, DC in 1972. This criminal activity became a constitutional crisis because the Nixon administration attempted to cover-up the event. In the course of investigating the break-in, numerous abuses were uncovered by journalists (Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein at the <em>Washington Post</em>)and investigators. The arrest of the five burglars and subsequent investigations by the FBI found a link between the burglars and the Pre-Election Campaign Fund for Richard Nixon. An investigation of former Nixon staff, revealed an elaborate tape recording system in the Oval Office. Once the courts ordered the release of the tapes, it was clear they implicated Nixon in the break-in. Rather than face impeachment, Nixon resigned before Articles of Impeachment could be voted on in the U.S. House of Representatives. This scandal tarnished the presidency and exposed fundamental flaws in Nixon's character and decision making abilities.
Unlike Watergate, the Iran-Contra Scandal involved the selling of arms to Iran and the proceeds from those sales being funneled to the Contras in Nicaragua who were fighting the Sandinistas. These activities were spearheaded by members of the Reagan administration during his second administration (1984-1988). Initially, the administration argued the funds were being used to free American hostages held in Lebanon by Hezbollah, an Islamic terrorist group. In 1985, Colonel Oliver North was implicated in diverting money to the to the Contras. The scandal was investigated by the U.S. Congress and the Tower Commission, a three person appointed by Reagan. The investigation never implicated Ronald Reagan.
The Watergate scandal was clearly the more damaging. It weakened Americans faith in the presidency and led to the resignation of Richard Nixon.
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