1.warts and all
I'm still trying to figure out number two
Philosophers and other thinkers had many different ideas and propositions about the possible connection between reason and the physical world. One of them is the one you've posted, however, that doesn't mean it's universally recognized or true.
I believe it is B) Weather experts miscalculated the storm. The Miami hurricane developed pretty quickly going from a tropical storm to a category 4 storm in less than 24 hours.
Assuming your talking about Europe. At the bottom of the system there are Peasants, the lowest and most common. They work on fields and trade and barter. Next are knights. They protect the Peasants and Nobles. They usually get paid in gold or the Peasants goods. Next are Nobles, the rich. They buy Knights to protect them and are right below the king. They usually hire Peasants to work on their land for little pay. Lastly the king. They control everything. They have knights and Nobles and oversee everyone.