Cultural and intellectual manifestations of Pan-Africanism have been devoted to recovering or preserving African "traditions" and emphasizing the contributions of Africans and those in the diaspora to the modern world. Pan-Africanists have invariably fought against racial discrimination and for the political rights of Africans and descendants of Africans, have tended to be anti-imperialist, and often espoused a metaphorical or symbolic (if not literal) "return" to Africa.
The answer is b. conquest and diseases brought by Europeans changed the native American way of life forever.
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The Albany Congress was a not unimportant event in the history of
Albany. The Albany meeting site pointed up Albany's function as the last
outpost of European-style civilization before the frontier - a place
where settlers, officials, and native peoples had and would continue to
come together to consider items of mutual concern. Among the agendas for
the convention, was a plan to replace provincial Indian Commissioners
with a Royal Superintendant of Indian Affairs - which was aimed directly
at the Albany Indian commissioners who were seen by the British as
self-interested merchants whose core ambitions were antagonist to
Imperial policy.
The Albany Congress met in Albany from June 19 to July 11, 1754. Holding
daily meetings at the City Hall, official delegates from seven colonies
considered strategies for Indian diplomacy and put forth the so-called
Albany Plan of Union.
Unsure of its authority to participate, the province of New York sent
only an unnofficial delegation which included Lieutenant Governor James
De Lancey and two men with strong Albany connections, William Johnson
and Peter Wraxall. The Mohawks and other Native groups were represented
at the meetings as well</span>
