The convection cell in the mantle is essentially the self-sustaining, constant movement of the magma inside this layer. This works in a very simple way. The hotter magma is less dense, so it is pushed upward toward the crust above it, while the cooler magma is denser, and it moves downward where it gets hotter, and the process goes on and one. The magma that goes upward toward the crust, manages to push through the thinner and cracked crust between the plates that move away from each other, thus on the divergent plate boundaries. As the magma penetrates through the crust it manages to get to the ocean floor, thus causing volcanic activity. This magma cools of very quickly and creates new crust. Because the magma constantly rises up and creates new crust, the crust piles up and forms an underwater mountain of volcanic origin that constantly has volcanic activity because of the rising magma. This volcanic underwater mountain range is called mid-ocean ridge.
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Natural processes such as waves, tides, and weather, continually change coastal landscapes. The integrity of coastal homes, businesses, and infrastructure can be threatened by hazards associated with event-driven changes, such as extreme storms and their impacts on beach and dune erosion, or longer-term, cumulative changes associated with coastal and marine processes, such as sea-level rise. Scientists working on Coastal Change Hazards conduct basic and applied research and provide relevant science-based products to assist the Nation with these coastal change hazard challenges. By building a community with a broad range of expertise, CCH facilitates the integration of diverse coastal science and the exchange of new ideas and approaches across the Coastal-Marine Hazards and Resources Program (CMHRP). Innovative collaboration is encouraged in order to identify and address the Nation’s needs and coastal change hazards problems. Through observation and modeling, CCH develops robust and accessible coastal change assessments that help improve the lives, property, and economic prosperity of the Nation’s coastal communities, habitats, and natural resources.
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