Intertextuality is the influence that a literary text has upon other literary texts. Nearly every literary work relies on what was written before, and draws parallels, whether in structural or some other sense (such as topics, characters, messages, etc.). Generally, it means that all the literature is a giant web of references, influences, shared themes and values, and that nobody can learn to be original without having dealt with thousands of other authors' works.
For example, Vergil's Aeneid was heavily influenced by Homer's Iliad. In a way, it is a sequel of some of the occurrences from the Iliad - although it is artistically independent and has an immense value in its own right. We even meet some of the Iliad's heroes there - such as Achilles, who is now in the Underworld, long dead and regretting that he didn't live longer. We cannot get the whole picture about Achilles from Aeneid (nor understand the context of his suffering) if we didn't read the Iliad first and see him there, in his full glory.
The second example would be Dante's Inferno. Although it was written in the 14th century, it deals and debates with nearly every literary work from antiquity. There are many heroes from Iliad and Odyssey (including Odysseus himself) - and there is Virgil, the Aeneid's poet, who is Dante's tutor and protector on his way through the underworld. Dante refers to Aeneas as a man who has been to the underworld.
The third example would be Joyce's 20th-century novel Ulysses. It is a giant monument to intertextuality, as it depicts a one-day journey of Leopold Bloom, which corresponds to Odysseus' wandering on his way home to Ithaca. Just like Odysseus has his Penelope, Leopold has his Molly Bloom. The novel is structured in episodes which all resemble corresponding occurrences in Odyssey. Of course, one can read Ulysses without being familiar with the Odyssey; but a great layer of meaning and significance would be lost.
Answer:
Fact: State Security clearance was required for government appointments
Statistics : 40% of Egyptians lived below the poverty line.
Explanation:
Revolution 2.0 is a chronological record of the uprising that occurred in Egypt in Jan 2011. The uprising led to the toppling of the then government led by Hosni Mubarak.
The fact used as evidence was that state security approval was sought and granted before anyone could hold any senior position in government or politics. The government achieved this by keeping a dossier - a record of activities- on everyone considered a threat or an activist, which was used to blackmail them in case they decided to raise a dissenting voice.
This control measure was used to ensure that no one in senior position of authority would had enough clout to lead a revolt or revolution.
The statistics was that 40% of Egyptians lived below the poverty line. Hence poverty was used as a weapon in oppressing and subjugating the people.
Answer:
Thomas Paine wrote pamphlets and tried to attract people in colonies to fight against the British.
Explanation:
Thomas Paine played a vital role by publishing pamphlet named Common Sense. He wrote pamphlets that helped change in colonist behaviour that led to declaring independence against the British. His pamphlet Common Sense encouraged the colonists to think of the present situations. His pamphlets became the source for the colonists to come together as patriots to fight for their cause (independence). Common Sense arrived as a pamphlet in Philadelphia in 1776. The first print sold out quickly, and over thousands of copies sold in America and Europe. Pamphlet read aloud in public, even General Washington commanded it to read among troops.
A good followers... hmmm... we don’t.
