Since Adam Smith was an ecologist I would go with #1.
Government should interfere as little as possible in the economy.
C. Mansa Musa was a baller and he built up Africa by being the richest person in human history
Disequilibrium occurs in the stock market when the market price of any given stock is not at equilibrium. It often occurs when supply exceeds demand. In simple English, the company who issued the stock (or shares) has issued more shares that what stock brokers want to buy. So the price of per share will drop. Another example of disequilibrium occurs in the Currency market. The price of the US Dollar, as opposed to the Japanese Yen, is seen to be in equilibrium when there is equal supply and demand of each currency. Disequilibrium occurs when the one currency is in less demand than the other currency. This results in the price of one currency dropping lower than the price of the other currency
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The Ottoman Empire was the most religiously diverse empire in Europe and Asia. Macedonia, the southernmost Balkan regions and Asia Minor, which formed historically and in the minds of late Ottoman elites the territorial core of the empire, housed large groups of Christians and a significant number of Jews. Religious diversity characterized the core regions of the Islamic empire. Struck by an existential crisis beginning in the late 18th century, the Ottoman state undertook reforms, declared the equality of its subjects, willingly maintained its diversity and even institutionalised the cultural and religious autonomies which it had given its Christian and Jewish communities. When the Ottoman state failed to defend its territory and sovereignty, the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), the revolutionary rulers who gained power in a coup, finally decided on a program of national homogenization in Asia Minor which it carried out in 1914-1918. The CUP classified the Ottoman populations and dealt with them through resettlement, dispersion, expulsion and destruction – depending on the populations' assimilability into a Turko-Muslim nation in the Anatolian core. It judged the Muslims, in particular the Kurds, assimilable, but the Christian groups non-assimilable.
Explanation:
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increased wealth from trade...... if that's what you're asking