14 counties border Russia.
A slow change to the earth's surface would be the formation of mountain ranges over millions of years due to the shifting of tectonic plates under the earth. Also, another slow change could be considered erosion or weathering. Two rapid changes could be landslides and earthquakes.
Mountains are created when two plates collide. When the plates converge or slide underneath each other the heat causes melting of the crust and volcanoes appear. When they cool off they become islands.
Ice caps and glaciers is your answer.