I think the answer is the second phrase <span>books became available to many people throughout Europe
The need of printing arose when people are becoming more intellectual during the medieval ages. Many writers around this time believed that it is very expensive to hire scribes. They believe that it takes time and effort to train them to write a perfect manuscript. Thus, Gutenberg decided to create a printing press. Because of this, books become available throughout Europe and all over the world.
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They were only allowed to be cooks or valets if they wanted to be in the white group of men. There were 2 groups that were intentionally racially segregated.
The battle of fort sumpter is said to be one of the first signs to the start of the American civil war