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Dafna1 [17]
3 years ago
5

When a sound from a source is refracted away from the surface of the earth, it gives an indication that the

Geography
1 answer:
Marta_Voda [28]3 years ago
4 0
<span>when a sound from a source is refracted a way from the surface of the earth, it gives an indication that the : c. air is cooler than the ground The sound wave's speed is heavily relied on mediums that spread across the air, and these mediums are really sensitive and easily responded to change in temperature</span>
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Sub-Saharan Africa is studied as a region because
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Sub-Saharan Africa<span> is, geographically, the area of the continent of </span>Africa<span> that lies south of the </span>Sahara<span> Desert. Politically, it consists of all </span>African<span> countries that are fully or partially located south of the </span>Sahara<span> (excluding Sudan, even though Sudan sits in the Eastern portion of the </span>Sahara<span> desert).</span>
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3 years ago
Study the map above. Which city is located at approximately 47° N, 19° E?
vladimir2022 [97]
The answer is Budapest
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Explain how humans have affected and been affected by the Danube river. Include it's physical geography, manmade changes, and th
Damm [24]

Answer: man activities such as agriculture, transport, energy production or urban development exert pressures on the water environment. When addressing pressures at the basin-wide scale, it has to be considered that cumulative effects may occur. Effects can occur both downstream pollutant  of a particular pressure. Addressing these issues effectively requires a basin-wide perspective and cooperation between countries.

Organic pollution refers to emissions of non-toxic organic substances that can be biologically decomposed by bacteria to a high extent. The key emitters of organic pollution are point sources like untreated or not sufficiently treated municipal wastewater from households, industries and major agricultural farms. The primary impact of organic pollution on the aquatic environment is dissolved oxygen depletion due to biochemical decomposition of organic matter. In the most severe cases this can lead to anaerobic conditions, to which only some specific organism can accommodate. The pollution with organic substances can therefore cause changes in the natural composition of the aquatic flora and fauna. It can also be associated with health hazards due to possible microbiological contamination of waters.

Nutrient pollution is caused by releases of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into the aquatic environment. Nutrient emissions can originate from both point and diffuse sources. Point sources of nutrient pollution are similar to those of the organic pollution. Diffuse pathways such as overland flow, urban runoff, soil erosion, tile drainage flow and groundwater flow can remarkably contribute to the emissions into surface waters transporting nutrients from agriculture, urban areas, atmosphere and even from naturally covered areas. Impacts on water status caused by nutrient pollution can be recognized through substantial changes in water ecosystems. In case of nutrient enrichment, water bodies can turn to eutrophic state where the growth of algae and/or macrophytes is substantially accelerated. Eutrophication severely impairs water quality and ecosystem functioning (e.g. oxygen depletion, toxicity, overpopulation of species) and might limit or even hinder human water uses as well (e.g. recreation, fisheries, drinking water supply).

Hazardous substances pollution involves contamination with priority substances and other specific pollutants with toxic effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Hazardous substances can be emitted from both point and diffuse sources. The most important sources of hazardous substances pollution are industrial facilities, agriculture (pesticide and contaminated sludge application), contaminated and mining sites, households and public buildings via municipal wastewater and urban run-off (deposited air pollutants, litter, combined sewer overflows). Moreover, significant volumes of deadly toxins can be unexpectedly flushed directly into watercourses by occasional industrial accidents or floods. Hazardous substances can pose serious threat to the aquatic environment. Depending on their concentration and the actual environmental conditions, they can cause acute (immediate) or chronic (latent) toxicity. Some of the hazardous substances are persistent, slowly degradable and can accumulate in the ecosystem.

Surface waters suffer significantly from hydromorphological alterations. Interruptions to river and habitat continuity, disconnection of adjacent wetland/floodplains, hydrological alterations and future infrastructure can hugely impact  water status and therefore will need to be addressed in future.

It is assumed that the effects of the floods that impacted the countries in the Danube River Basin in recent years were worsened due to deforestation, the destruction of natural floodplains and climate change. Preserving the natural habitats of the many species living in the basin is a constant struggle. The habitats of pelicans in the Danube Delta and sturgeon species are particularly under threat.

Major problems affecting aquatic ecosystems in the Danube River Basin

Excessive nutrient loads (particularly nitrogen and phosphorous)

High amounts of organic substances originating from untreated or poorly treated wastewater

Changes in river flow patterns (hydromorphological alterations) and its effect on sediment transportation

Contamination with hazardous substances (including heavy metals and organic micropollutants)

Accidental pollution from industrial and mining facilities

Degradation and loss of wetlands

Human pressures and impacts are investigated and addressed in the frame of the Danube River Basin Management Plan (according to the WFD).

3 0
2 years ago
1)What is the theory of plate tectonics? 2)What is the evidence for the plate tectonics theory? 3)There are seven major crustal
Sedbober [7]

1. The theory of plate tectonics is the theory that suggests that there are tectonic plates and they are moving on surface of our planet.  

According to this theory, the forces from the mantle layer create a very big pressure on the crust, and they managed to crack it in numerous pieces. It doesn't stop there though, as those same forces actually are moving the tectonic plates in certain direction. This results in different types of interaction between the plates, as they can move away from each other, slide past each other, or collide with each other.  

This is what gives the basis of the formation of the majority of the physical features on the surface on our planet, but it can also influence on destroying physical features.

2. There are several evidence that point to the plate tectonics theory and that it is in fact a real process that is happening on our planet constantly.

The puzzle like matching of certain parts of the continents, especially the eastern coast of South America and the Western coast of Africa, is one evidence, as they look like they have been together but then broken apart.

The mid-ocean ridges provide evidence about the formation of new crust. They also show how the crust is pushed sideways, in the manner that the youngest crust is at the mid-ocean ridge itself, while the bigger the distance from it, the older the crust is.

The fossil records are another evidence. There are lot of fossils of the same species that have been found in continents that are not connected in the present. This is simply not possible, as even if the same species is put in another location, it will gradually evolve new characteristics because of the environment. This has been the case with fossils of the same species being found on Antarctica, South America, and Africa, pointing that once these three continents were part of one larger land mass.

3. There are seven major tectonic plates on Earth, but also several smaller ones. Most of the major plates are continental: African, Eurasian, North American, South American, Indo-Australian, and Antarctic plates. Only one of the major plates is actually oceanic, and that is the Pacific plate.  

Not to be mistaken though, big portions of the continental tectonic plates are actually under water, as they are not all above it and creating enormous land mass, just that the crust doesn't have the oceanic plate composition.

The Eurasian plate is the largest of the continental plates, stretching from the eastern side of Iceland to the eastern part of Siberia.  

The North American plate is stretching from the western side of Iceland to the eastern part of Siberia.  

The African plate is actually in a process of divergence, as it splits into two separate plates gradually, the Somali and Nubian plates.  

The Indo-Australian plate has been formed by the merging of the Indian and Australian plates, though India is part of Asia and it seems the other way.  

The South American plate is gradually moving toward west an it will most probably isolate itself from North America, while the Antarctic plate is moving toward the lower latitudes, so in millions of years in the future it will probably not be frozen anymore. T

he Pacific plate is by far the largest of any other oceanic plate, but it is decreasing in size from all sides, as it subducts below continental plates on all sides.

4. The tectonic plates need to experience enormous amount of force upon them in order to be able to move. This enormous amount of force comes from below them, from the mantle layer. These forces are known as convection currents.

The convection currents are circular movements of material in the mantle layer, between its upper and lower parts. This happens because of the difference in density and temperature between the material in its upper and lower part.  

The material that is in the upper part is cooler and it has bigger density, while the material in the lower part has higher temperature and lower density. The material from the upper part sinks gradually toward the bottom as it is heavier, while the material from the bottom moves upward as it is lighter. Once the material from the top that came to the bottom becomes hotter and less dense, it moves in the opposite direction, thus upward, and the process constantly continues. The movement upwards creates enormous pressure on the crust, resulting in cracking it, as well as moving slowly on the surface of our planet.

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5 0
2 years ago
Characteristics of lithosphere ​
Dennis_Churaev [7]

Answer:

upper portion of the mantle crust

the outer layer of the earth

it has the atmosphere above it

it has the asthenosphere below it

it can move

it is crispy and brittle - can break easily

it has rocks and minerals

Explanation:

earth science study

4 0
3 years ago
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