He studied the fossils' age and how tall the mountains are. He also studied how old they are. I don't know about Coal Beds but he also used balloons to find out the continents were once a big supercontinent called Pangaea and they apparantly drifted apart
Smith argued that by giving everyone freedom to produce and exchange goods as they pleased (free trade) and opening the markets up to domestic and foreign competition, people's natural self-interest would promote greater prosperity than with stringent government regulations.
The correct answer is A. It established rules that all of the Pilgrims had to follow.