It is also possible to move substances across membranes against their concentration gradient (from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration). ... If the energy of ATP is directly used to pump molecules against their concentration gradient, the transport is called primary active transport.
Hope this helps
Vessel spasm; coagulation; plug formation. I think??
The answer is decomposers.
After the death of producers and consumers, decomposers (such as Actinobacteria, or other bacteria which are prokaryotes) eat that dead organisms and carbon, nitrogen, and other elements are released into the environment. It should be taken into consideration that eukaryotes (such as fungi) can be decomposers as well.
