instability caused by competition and warfare as states tried to expand at the expense of their neighbors or to consolidate power by incorporating subject provinces
-There were endless wars
-Socially, Africa was affected negatively because there were now more women than men, causing polygamy to begin
-African slaves varied from peasant statuses to something like chattel slavery.
a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which is present in suitable rock strata and can be extracted and refined to produce fuels including petrol, paraffin, and diesel oil; oil
