C: Schism
Hope this helps!!!!!
So a social contract is where a "persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live".
Rousseau was most famous for coming up with the term but examples have always existed and exist right now.
An example of how a social contract works would be the legal system. For augments sake, if I say you stole all my money and you deny it, instead of fighting it out with fists or me raiding your house to find it with a gun, we both put our faith in the legal system which we both agree will be more impartial, and get to the truth. I surrender my right to take matters into my own hands on the condition that you will also do the same. Why did we do this? Because there are more benefits than not having this system in place. I may not be able to get personal revenge on you for stealing my money but I also am protected from people doing the same to me. People who are born in a state metaphorically "sign" the contract when they are born in order to live in the state.
A primitive example if you want would be that two people meet in the woods looking for berries. Both have guns and are distrustful of the other. They are constantly looking over their shoulders at each other out of fear which prevents them from going about their berry gathering. Eventually they both agree to a "contract" that they will both give up their guns at the same time. They do this because whilst you do not want to give up your gun, it means that you don't have to worry about getting shot in the back so times are more productive.
The theory is the same even if people disagree on why social contracts exist. Folk like Rousseau thought that social contracts arose because at the end of the day, humans are more interested in personal liberty and life and wish to avoid conflict as much as possible. More pessimistic people like Hobbes thought it was because humans are so naturally warlike that we needed social contracts to prevent our own violent natures.
There are many ways
the policies and achievements of Muhammad's successors helped the Arab world.
One of the main achievement was to unite the Arab under one flag instead of
various tribes and communities, as the successors of Muhammad used the term
"Khalifa" which was considered a unanimous leader of all the Muslims
thus any territory that came under Islamic rule or any people who accepted
Islam were united behind "Khlifa" instead of various leaders and
tribal heads.<span>
As there was a central system established in that time of
succession, more focus was placed on developmental structures. For example in
the time of Umar, the second successor various facilities were built for the travelers
and those out on the road.
<span>Trade and commerce evolved due to peace and stability
provided by the central government as opposed to earlier times when caravans
were looted in other tribal territories. </span></span>
Answer:
The middle class expanded as a result of industrialization.
The official power to make legal decisions and judgements
