When an antibiotic is overused, some bacteria can survive, and their offspring carry the ability to resist that antibiotic and this is known as Multi-drug resistance(MDR) in bacteria.
Antimicrobial resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories is known as multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance, or multi-resistance.
Multi-drug resistance in bacteria refers to the ability of some bacteria to survive when an antibiotic is abused or overused and pass that ability to their progeny.
Antimicrobial categories group antimicrobial substances according to the target organisms they are effective against.
Multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the MDR forms that pose the greatest concern to public health; other types include MDR viruses and parasites (resistant to multiple antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety).
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Electron transport chain (ETC) refers to a series of complexes involved in the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors through the reduction and oxidation reactions.
The similarities between the ETC in mitochondria and chloroplasts are as follows-
1. Both involve the electron transport chains on their inner membranes.
2. The energy produced pumps the protons against their concentration gradient across a membrane.
3. ATP synthase is used.
4. Two protons provide energy for the production of three molecules of ATP.
The differences between the ETC in mitochondria and chloroplasts are as follows-
Mitochondria- It uses the process of oxidative phosphorylation and chemical energy from the reduction-oxidation reactions. The electron transport chain occurs in the cristae. The coenzymes involved include the NAD and FAD. ATP synthase is located in the cristae. The protons are pumped out of the matrix. The final electron acceptor is the oxygen.
Chloroplast- It uses the process of photophosphorylation and the light energy. The electron transport chain occurs in the thylakoid membrane. The coenzyme involved is the NADP. ATP synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane. The protons are pumped into the thylakoids. The final electron acceptor is the chlorophyll in cyclic photophosphorylation and NADPH+ in the non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
I think the answer is letter b
Answer: <span>Do not give pramlintide in the same site where insulin is administered.
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Pramlintide and insulin should be administrated via
separate subcutaneous injections. This is because they have different pH and if they are together they can cause precipitation of the insulin or solubilization of crystalline insulin components.
I think an allele would be described as dominant. Answer: D
