The XYZ affair was a diplomatic incident in the late 1790s in the Adams administration wherein the French government demanded bribes before negotiations were able to even begin and the correspondence was released. A small Naval war broke out and the Adams administration used the furor against the French to hurt the Democratic Republicans and build up the national military.
Governments typically had been either unitary or confederated. Or another way to say that is that they either focused on centralized power (in someone like a king) or particularized power -- the power in the parts of a kingdom rather than at the center.
So, for instance, in France (prior to its Revolution), all the power in the kingdom centered in the hands of the king. For 175 years, they didn't even have a meeting of the Estates General which was their version of a representative body. And the power of nobles on their lands was reduced while the king's power grew.
Meanwhile, in the German territories, there was a loose confederation called the Holy Roman Empire. One of the kings or princes held the title of "emperor," but he really had no imperial power. The confederated German states retained control over their own kingdoms or territories.
The American experiment mixed something of the best of both approaches. There would be strong central power in the federal government, but putting checks and balances on that power by retaining certain aspects of control in the hands of the states within the union.
The 13th amendment finally abolished slavery
Less developed countries, post-socialist countries, transition, social market economy
It should be noted that the five parts of the coercive Acts include:
- Massachusetts Government Act.
- Administration of Justice Act.
The Coercive Acts were the laws that were passed by the British Parliament in order to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay.
It should be noted that colonists called the Coercive Acts the "Intolerable Acts because they believed that the acts were cruel and severe.
Learn more about the Coercive Acts on:
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