A historian would first look at the reliability of a source - when it was published and what was happening at the time (context), who wrote it and their qualifications, any bias the author may hold, whether author sources corroborate the source, whether the author has used references, whether the source provides evidence, who the source is representative of and whether the source provides a balanced perspective
The correct option is D. Volcanic eruption released large amounts of water vapor into Earth's early atmosphere.
Earth’s first atmosphere had lots of water vapor but it almost lacked oxygen. Eventually, frequent volcanic eruptions put several different gases into the air. These gases created a new type of atmosphere for Earth. The volcanic eruptions spewed gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water vapor into the atmosphere, but no free oxygen. Without oxygen, there could not be life on Earth.
The Middle East is considered a region because it shares a common culture. The three items that most accurately identify the shared characteristics of that culture is letters A, C, and C.
Many people speak Arabic.
The Ottoman Empire controlled much of the region.
Most people are Muslim.
Discretionary spending program refers to a program that can have its spending adjusted.
So in your case the answer is A. National Defense