For 9 the answer is D for 10 the answer is A
Answer: B. It gives background for the more practical information on volcanoes that follows.
Explanation:
There is no passage attached nor referenced as such I could not find it. The above option however, should be the answer.
When a section of a passage gives background information about what is to follow, it lays the groundwork and gives the reader context about what is being described thereby making the essay clearer. Option B is therefore the most probable answer.
A name used for a person, place, company, etc. It is always capitalized too.