Answer:
Aversive conditioning
Explanation:
Aversion conditioning is the conditioning process that is used to avoid undesired behavior. The stimuli are associated with the noxious stimulus or undesired stimulus to avoid undesired behavior or response. This is a therapy that is used to reduce the behavior that is undesirable for all.
Thus Paul gets an injection to avoid excessive smoking. This injection is given because Paul can avoid that undesirable behavior that is not accepted in the society.
This conditioning is useful in another disorder such as OCD.
Answer:
crystallized intelligence.
Fluid intelligence.
Explanation:
Crystallized intelligence refers to the intelligence that allows us to use knowledge that was previously acquired through education and experience. It usually refers to facts, skills, and information you learned in school or from past experience.
On the other hand, fluid intelligence refers to the intelligence that allows us to reason, analyze, and solve problems. When we use this intelligence, we don't rely on any pre-existing knowledge.
In this example, Jody has to name as many state capitals as she can in a minute, this task refers to <u>information learned in school</u> (geography and capitals), so this test would be a test of crystallized intelligence.
Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams, she is using <u>her ability to analyze and solve problems</u> without relying on pre-existing knowledge. Thus, this would be a test of fluid intelligence.
Answer:
Piaget's theory
Explanation:
Jean Piaget has developed the theory of cognitive development in which he has mentioned four different stages including the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, formal operational stage, and concrete operational stage.
Jean Piaget's theory is based on the ideology that a child can actively construct different knowledge as he or she manipulates and explores the world around him or her. His theory explains a framework for the understanding of the development of thinking and cognition process. He explained the process through which a child interacts with his or her environment by using senses.
Conflict theory
This theory views social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality. It considers society as an arena of inequality that generates social conflict and social change. This may lead the upper classes to keep down the lower classes