D. Learning from the ottoman way of waging war and conquering vast territory
How did Charles V and Philip II expand the Spanish state? They fought wars and tried to expand Catholicism. How were citizens' rights determined under the absolute monarchies in Spain and France? By the ruling monarch.
Perhaps the greatest reason for the creation of corporations is that it limits the liability of the individuals who both the corporation and the shareholders. The most a shareholder can lose in the value of his investment in the company. This provides and incentive to invest.
A is the correct answer, as noted.
Samuel Adams was the leader of the Boston based Sons of Liberty and worked to lead protests against British taxation of the colonies after the 7-Years War.
One of those protests was the Boston Tea Party.