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Biotic factor. A factor created by a living thing or any living component within an environment in which the action of the organism affects the life of another organism, for example a predator consuming its prey
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Endospores Staining
Endospores are substances that are formed inside of specific bacterial cells which boost their survival rate in times of harsh conditions.
Gram staining alone is not sufficient to observe the endospores, which seems apparently clear when Gram-stained cells are observed.
Endospore staining employs two stains to identify endospores from other cell components.
•The Schaeffer-Fulton method employs heat to promote the primary stain (malachite green) into the endospore. Rinsing with water will well wash away the colour from the cell, as the endospore still appears to be green stained. Counterstaining pink with safranin will show the shape and location of endospores, if they are a part of the cell. The green endospores will be seen inside the pink vegetative cells or it will appear distinct from the pink cells in total. If no endospores are seen, only the pink vegetative cells will be observable.
The attached image shows a stained preparation of Bacillus subtilis revealing the endospores as green and its vegetative cells in pink coloration.
Endospore-staining procedures are essential for observing Bacillus and Clostridium, two genera of endospore-forming bacteria, production of bioterrorism agent from B. anthracis (which causes anthrax.
Well, contour lines are used to signify a three-dimensional image of a flat surfaces. They are commonly used on topographic maps. Here contour lines connect continuous points of equal elevation. There is a connection between the change of height and the relative change of distance. If you move from one contour line to another then there is a change of height. The closer the lines are the 'faster' the height changes, and thus the 'steeper' the terrain. The further apart the contour lines are, the greater distance over which height changes, the slope is gentler.
In a tropical rain forest, the layer formed by the leafy tops of tall trees is called the Canopy and the layer of shorter trees and vine is called the Geographic range.