This is basic biology. If a species of bird eats a particular species of plant seeds, then the bird proceeds to disperse or drop the seeds in new places through its fecal matter, the plant will continue to grow in new places and thrive.
If the species of bird is eaten or killed off by say a disease, there are no birds to spread the plant seed, therefore resulting in the death of the plant species
Un-objectification I believe, removing yourself from a situation or disregarding your bias. It would be really tough in this situation though.
Answer:
b. zero if either expectation to succeed or the perceived value of a goal is zero.
Explanation:
Expectancy x value theory also known as expectancy-value model of expectation asserts that the relationship between value and expectation is multiplicative, that is, if the value and individual puts on a task is zero, that individual will not feel motivated to achieve that task. Conversely, if the value is high but expectation to completing the task is zero, the individual will also not be motivated to complete the task.
It is all of them good luck!!!!!