The US Supreme Court ruling on the case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) is one of the most important decisions in the history of US jurisprudence. The president of the Supreme Court at the time was John Marshall, former Secretary of State of US President John Adams.
The state of Maryland had tried to impede the running of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States (a bank founded to face the difficulties encountered by the administration of the 4th President of the United States of America, James Madison). Maryland demanded its unconstitutionality, as an expression of a government act not provided for by the constitution. He had previously imposed a prohibitive tax for the time on all banknotes not issued within the confines of the state.
James McCulloch, who held the highest authority for the Baltimore branch of the US Second Bank, refused to pay the tax. A lawsuit was initiated between the state and McCulloch, who was first presented before John James, and then before the Maryland Court of Appeals and then went to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court, after showing off the theory of Alexander Hamilton on the implicit powers that the Constitution gave to the Congress, affirmed the legitimacy of the federal government, its complete independence and its prevalence over the individual states. He then ruled that even if the Constitution did not officially foresee it, it fell within the powers entrusted by the government and all states could not impede its function.
Between The signing of the DOI in 1776 and The Constitution in 1787 the American Revolution was going on [Which starts right before the DOI is signed in 1775 with the Battle of Lexington and Concord aka ‘The shot heard round the world’] and ends with the battle of Yorktown in 1781 with the victory of the American colonist under the command of general George Washington [Spoiler Alert, He becomes President Right After the Whiskey Rebellion in the 1790’s] In those 11 years many things escalated; We made a pact with the French [Which we would later diss]; Our country discovers many new faces like Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, Ben Franklin, which leads to the eventual cabinetry under GW. Anyway, The colonies also started using spies as a tool in those 11 years, helping win the battles.
It awakened general interest in the different arts as medium of expression
Because The Sahel was a fertile band, there was more agriculture, trade, and permanent civilization. The trade route established many colonies in order to bring gold out Africa and in to the Arabic world.
Bantu as a common language, animism as a common religion, religion economics and history intertwined, and trade routes.
Advantages: unity, trade partners.
Path from the Arab world to the western world of Africa for gold.
The further south you get, more agriculture develops.
Herds are going to be there in the south
Allows for more Sedentary life in the south.
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The time at Valley Forge was not pretty. It was extremely cold which made it very hard to function well. There was also a ton of disease spreading as well, so the correct answer.
So, after making camp at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, Washington's troops were reduced in size after men died from disease and exposure to the harsh winter.
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